不同水陆生境下入侵种喜旱莲子草与土著种莲子草表型变异和细胞渗透势调节能力的比较研究

喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.)能成功入侵不同水陆生境,而其同属近缘种莲子草(A.sessilis(Linn.)DC.)适于生长在潮湿的陆地环境中。为揭示两物种生态幅差异的机理及与其入侵潜力的关系,我们在模拟不同水陆生境的同质园环境下,比较了喜旱莲子草和莲子草的形态特征、细胞渗透势变异状况和细胞内溶质物质合成相关基因(蛋氨酸合成酶基因)的表达水平。结果表明:喜旱莲子草对环境变异更敏感,表型变异幅度更大,具有更有效的渗透势调节能力;蛋氨酸合成酶基因在喜旱莲子草进入水生环境的早期阶段表现出短暂上调的特殊表达趋势。这说明有效的细胞渗透势调节机制与喜旱莲子草对不同水陆生境的广泛适应性和较强的表型可塑性能力可能有关,从而帮助其在不同生境中成功入侵。     

Genetic diversity of alligator weed ecotypes is not the reason for their different responses to biological control

Biological control of alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. using Agasicles hygrophila, a Chrysomelid beetle, has been successful in limiting growth in water, but not on land. In order to understand a possible genetic basis of this difference, technique using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers was applied to analyse genetic diversity of this invasive weed. No genetic variation was detected not only within or between populations growing in the same habitats, but also between land- and water-grown populations. Thus we consider that the genetic variation is not the baseline factor resulting in the biological control difference in China. The differential success of pupation by the beetle may be related to the phenotypic plasticity of the plant stem diameter, rather than to genotypic factors.     

空心莲子草在我国的适应性及入侵机制

空心莲子草是入侵我国的重要杂草之一,它在我国能广泛传播和迅速蔓延,与其自身特有的形态生理适应性、强大的繁殖特性和竞争力,以及传入地缺乏自然控制机制密切相关.空心莲子草从其原产地过渡到新的侵入地的过程中,在生态环境适应方面发生重大变化,产生一系列的形态结构、生理过程,以求适应陆地生活条件.其表型可塑性使得空心莲子草有更宽的生态幅,可利用的潜在资源范围也随之扩展;强大的营养繁殖能力,使其迅速产生大量的后代,在失去自然天敌调控的情况下,尤为适应其侵入种的生长、繁殖、发展和传播,种群数量的激增又会加速其传播扩散速度,导致空心莲子草爆发成灾.在综述空心莲子草在形态、生理、繁殖的适应性特征及天敌因素和入侵特性的基础上,根据前人的有关论述,分析了空心莲子草在我国的适应性特征及入侵机制,指出了空心莲子草在我国适应性及入侵机制应着重研究的方向,提出了综合治理和充分利用空心莲子草的对策.     

水花生Actin基因片段的克隆及序列分析

肌动蛋白基因编码生物体内一种很重要的组成型表达蛋白质,常被看作看家基因。为分离水花生肌动蛋白基因,根据GenBank上一藜科植物的———Actin基因的EST序列,分别设计引物,提取水花生根的总RNA,对上述的基因片断进行RT—PCR,扩增后测序得到230bp长的核苷酸序列。经同源性比较,这条序列与上述藜科植物Actin的EST序列基本一致,表明获得了水花生肌动蛋白序列。     

干旱胁迫对空心莲子草抗氧化酶活性和组织学的影响

目的:空心莲子草是一种水旱两栖植物,对其抗旱性的研究越来越受到重视。初步探讨空心莲子草的抗旱机理,为进一步的分子生物学实验奠定基础。方法:采用干旱胁迫的方法,测定空心莲子草的根和叶中抗氧化酶类(SOD、POD、CAT等)的活性变化,并对其组织学的变化进行分析比较。结果:在干旱胁迫下,空心莲子草总抗氧化能力一直增大,抗氧化酶活性是先增大后减小。干旱胁迫下根中抗氧化酶的活性比叶中的活性要高,总抗氧化能力也较强。经组织学比较发现,干旱胁迫后根和叶的组织细胞变小,并有少量细胞坏死。结论:空心莲子草具有较强的抗旱性,表现在干旱胁迫时根和叶能合成大量的抗氧化酶以抵抗干旱胁迫给机体带来的伤害作用,并且总抗氧化能力一直处于较高的水平。     

Biological control of alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) with a Fusarium sp.

Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroidesG.) has become a serious weed in different crops in China. A fungal pathogen was found in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces and was identified as a species in the Fusarium genus. The fungus produced macroconidia and chlamydospores abundantly on potato sucrose agar (PSA) plates. The bestconidial production and germination and colonygrowth of Fusarium sp. were at 23–31°C and pH 6.7–7.0. Light period and flooding did not affect fungal growth and conidium formation. The herbicides, glyphosate and paraquat, inhibited the fungal development in vitro. The fungus did not affect seed germination and seedling growth of paddy rice, wheat, maize, oilseed rape and broad bean inlaboratory or greenhouse trials. Inoculum density and wetness duration influenced the efficiency of Fusarium sp. to control alligatorweed; a concentration of 1.0 × 10⁵ spores^–1 ml and 12 h of high humidity duration after inoculation produced goodinfections on the weed at 23°C in the laboratory. When the fungus was applied to alligatorweed grown in greenhouse and in the field, good biocontrol efficiency was obtained: the plants started to wilt after four to five (greenhouse) or six days (field), and were killed 9–10 (greenhouse) or 13–14 (field) days after spraying the fungal inoculum. This was similar to the control efficiency resulting from glyphosate treatment. Therefore, this Fusarium sp. appeared to be a good candidatefor further studies and a promising biocontrol agent to manage alligatorweed in some terrestrial and aquatic crops.     

6-BA对水花生抗氧化酶系 Hg2+毒害的缓解作用

通过外施不同浓度的细胞分裂素类物质 6- BA( 6-苄氨基嘌呤 ) ,对 Hg2 污染下的水花生 ( Alternan-thera philoxeroides( Mart.) Griseb.)抗氧化酶系的变化进行了研究 ,结果发现 :不同浓度的 6- BA对重金属毒害均有缓解作用。过氧化物酶 ( POD)、超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD)、过氧化氢酶 ( CAT)的活性均不同程度的提高 ,丙二醛 ( MDA)及活性氧 ( O· - 2 )含量的增加变慢。表现在外部形态上 ,6- BA延缓了叶片失绿、腐烂过程 ,新根生长受抑制的现象在低 Hg2 浓度下也明显缓解 ;不同浓度的 6- BA作用效果不同 :在 Hg2 毒害下 ,2× 1 0 - 5mol/L6- BA对 SOD、MDA和 O· - 2 伤害的缓解效果最好 ,而 POD、CAT的破坏在 3× 1 0 - 5mol/L浓度下缓解效果最显著 ;6- BA缓解重金属毒害的作用可能与调节活性氧代谢及蛋白质的表达有关。     

Clonal integration affects growth, photosynthetic efficiency and biomass allocation, but not the competitive ability, of the alien invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides under severe stress

Background and Aims: Many notorious alien invasive plants are clonal, but littleis known about some roles and aspects of clonal integration.Here, the hypothesis is tested that clonal integration affectsgrowth, photosynthetic efficiency, biomass allocation and competitiveability of the exotic invasive weed Alternanthera philoxeroides(Amaranthaceae). Methods: The apical parts of Alternanthera were grown either with orwithout the lawn grass Schedonorus phoenix (tall fescue) andtheir stolon connections to the basal parts grown without competitorswere either severed or left intact. Key Results: Competition greatly reduced the maximum quantum yield of photosystemII (F_v/F_m) and growth (biomass, number of ramets and leaves,total stolon length and total leaf area) of the apical Alternanthera,but not the biomass of S. phoenix. Stolon connections significantlyincreased F_v/F_m and growth of Alternanthera. However, such effectson growth were smaller with than without competition and stolonconnections did not alter the relative neighbour effect of Alternanthera.Stolon connections increased Alternanthera's biomass allocationto roots without competition, but decreased it with competition. Conclusions: Clonal integration contributed little to Alternanthera's competitiveability, but was very important for Alternanthera to exploreopen space. The results suggest that the invasiveness of Alternantheramay be closely related to clonal integration.     

盐胁迫对空心莲子草生长和光合作用的影响

用NaCl浓度为0(对照)、50、100、150、200、250、300、350mmol/L处理空心莲子草[Alternantheraphiloxeroides(Mart.)Griseb]。结果表明:盐胁迫下,植株鲜重、干重和根冠比都下降,含水量和肉质化程度先略高于对照,而后逐渐下降;根、茎和叶中Na 含量呈上升趋势,而K 含量呈下降趋势,且在同一浓度的盐处理下,叶的Na 和K 含量最高,茎的次之,根的最低;游离氨基酸(free amino acid,FAA)逐渐减少,脯氨酸(proline,Pro)含量先略低于对照,而后则急剧上升,可溶性糖含量(soluble sugar,SS)的变化正相反;净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)和蒸腾速率(transpirationrate,Tr)呈下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度(intercellular CO2concentration,Ci)呈上升趋势;膜稳定性呈下降趋势。因此,空心莲子草是一种盐生植物,且最适盐浓度较低;Na 主要积累在地上部的茎和叶中。推测它有可能向盐渍土壤蔓延。